Drawing on rich life histories from over two hundred in-depth interviews in West Africa, Europe, and North America, Dr Robtel Neajai Pailey questions how citizenship is differentiated by class, gender, race, ethnicity, etc, and whether dual citizenship actually reproduces inequalities. She develops a new model for conceptualising citizenship within the context of ‘crisis’-affected states while offering a compelling critique of the neoliberal framing of diasporas and donors as the panacea to post-war reconstruction.